Thanks Kathe,

Badly defined species certainly cause problems. Julie Marshall's photos [message #13448] seem to fit Ishikawa's description and some have a golden ring while others don't. There don't seem to be pedal tentacles in her photos either. I will look forward to your paper when it is published.

Best wishes,
Bill Rudman

Dear Ura,
I am afraid there are some problems concerned with identifying species of Costasiella. I am afraid many of the species have been described from very few animals so we have little idea how variable they are in colour.

I suspect you have two species here. The paler animal in your lower left photo has only the tip of the rhinophores black, there are traces of blue spots on the cerata, and also traces of a yellowish band on the cerata as well. I suspect this animal is Costasiella kuroshimae. I can't see the characteristic thin yellow, or brownish yellow, median line from the eyes to the front of the head, but it may be the angle of the photo.

The green animal in your lower right photo is the same as the one I am calling Costasiella sp. 3. In that species the top half, or more, of each rhinophore is black, the ceratal wall is transparent, so the green of the digestive gland contents can be seen, and there are traces of the pinkish red patch near the tip of the cerata.

Of the four animal in your upper photo, I think the one near the centre is C. kuroshimae, and the other three are colour phases of Costasiella sp. 3. I may be wrong about the pale one at the bottom left of the photo, but I think it is one which hasn't fed for a while and so hasn't much green colouration.

This is all guesswork on my part, as we know so little about these animals. If you have the opportunity to see them often then why don't you try and see if you can find some way to sort them out? It is possible they have different egg ribbons, perhaps you can see different colour forms mating, etc etc. I suspect it will be people in the field who build up a good knowledge of the populations, who will find a clue to whether we have one, two, or many species. Radular differences are good when they are obviously different, but when differences in radular morphology are very subtle, they are no better than very subtle colour differences. My advice is for you to consider this not as an identification problem but as an opportunity to learn something new about these fascinating animals

Best wishes,
Bill Rudman

Dear Julie,
Thanks for these excellent photos of such small animals, and thanks to Bob for his diligent seiving! The photos certainly show the characteristic features of this species well. This is to my knowledge the first record of this species outside of Japan and so is a valuable contribution to our knowledge of the group.
Best wishes,
Bill Rudman

Dear Atsushi,
Thanks for these photos. They are much closer to Ichikawa's description of C. kuroskimae than Erwin Koehler's photos. The differences in your two photos well illustrate the problems of describing species from very few animals. Clearly some animals of this species have a yellow-orange ring on the cerata.
Best wishes,
Bill Rudman