Thanks Marcel,

As I said in the earlier message, the close proximity of the anus and the kidney opening is a reminder of the origin of nudibranchs from shelled snails.  Concerning the possible sponge feeding. From your photo I am not sure if the grayish sponge is part of the same colony as the brownish upper sponge or not. The upper sponge could well be a thorectid, which is what G.  atromarginata feeds on, but I can't see enough detail in the lower one.

Best wishes,
Bill Rudman

Dear Marcel,

Yes the smaller opening on the left of the photo is the kidney opening.  In bivalves, cephalopods [squid, octopus] and more primitive gastropods [snails, slugs], the kidneys are paired, but in many gastropods, including the sea slugs the right kidney is either incorporated into the reproductive system or lost, leaving a single kidney. This can form quite a large, sometimes ramifying organ, which is always associated with the heart and pericardial cavity. There is no functional reason for the anus and the renal opening to be so close together. There closeness is another historical relic, reminding us that they sit close together in the mantle cavity of snails, and through all the evolutionary changes that have occurred as snails became slugs, they have remained together.

The kidney in molluscs has two major functions. One is to filter the blood and retain and absorb useful substances, and to remove nitrogenous wastes. In marine molluscs the wastes are normally excreted as urea but there are exceptions. One of these are large squids which store ammonia in the muscle tissue as a flotation device. Eating squid much larger than 40 cm in length can be a terrible experience  for this reason.

The other important function of the kidney in molluscs is to retain a normal salt and water balance, This is not a huge problem in marine molluscs, but land molluscs have had to develop secondary structures to retain water, and freshwater ones to retain salts.

Best wishes,
Bill Rudman